Spoonbill Bird in Chambal River (1986)

 I get a good feeling on recollections, summarised here about Spoonbills in River Chambal and noted in our 1986 Study Report. Full report accessible at academia.edu.

In the 1986 preliminary report on Wetland Birds in National Chambal Sanctuary (R.K. Sharma & L.A.K. Singh), the details regarding the Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) include:

• Status & Classification: Listed as a resident wetland species exhibiting seasonal fluctuation in numbers.
  
  
• Seasonality & Phenology:
  • First Appearance: Recorded in the second half of January.
  • Period of Abundance: Second half of March to the first half of April.
  • Disappearance / Rarity: Recorded around the second half of June.
    
    
• Maximum Group Size: Recorded up to 37 individuals in a single group.
  
  
• Preferred Localities ("Good Population" defined as $10+$ individuals):
  • Tigri (210 km)
  • Pureini (225–230 km)
  • Devkapura (193 km)
  • Barwasin (185 km)
  • Nagar (175 km)
  • Dang Basai (170 km)
    
    
• Survey Count Summaries:
  • Pali to Rajghat (Feb 1985): 90 birds sighted (notably 65 in the Rahu ka Gaon to Batesura stretch and 25 from Pali to Gudla).
  • Pali to Rajghat (Feb 1986): 28 birds sighted (highest concentration of 11 between Batesura and Sarsaini).
  • Rajghat to Pachhnada (Jan 1984): 63 birds sighted (with counts across Pureini to Holapura, Holapura to Usedghat, Usedghat to Ater, and Ater to Barhi).
  • Rajghat to Pachhnada (Dec 1985): 95 birds sighted (predominantly 65 between Rajghat and Pureini).
  • Consolidated Annual Counts: Listed as 90 (Feb '85), 28 (Feb '86), 63 (Jan '84), 81 (Dec '84), and 95 (Dec '85).

Porcupine quill in Tiger - Leopard Scat

 Porcupine quill in Tiger - Leopard Scat

‘What are the chances / instances in which porcupine quills have been found in tiger or leopard scat’:-- This was the discussion today morning at WII WhatsApp group. Result with vivid AI inputs:--

Porcupine forms a part of the (accidental / adventurous ?) diet for tiger in Similipal as per my faecal matter study in 1988-1990. Out of total 186 samples examined, porcupine quills were found in 4.3% cases.   Reference: Technical Report-4, Similipal Tiger Reserve.

In predator scat analysis, porcupine remains (Hystrix spp.) are uniquely diagnostic because quill fragments and needle-like spine tips resist digestion and remain plainly visible alongside undigested guard hairs:

• Corbett Tiger Reserve (Uttarakhand, India): Dietary studies investigating tiger feeding ecology during the harsh, dry summer months (May–June) revealed high frequencies of Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in scats. In a study of 89 tiger scats, 29 samples (32.5%) contained visible porcupine needle fragments and quills, highlighting reliance on smaller, opportunistic prey under seasonal ungulate dispersion.
• Western Ghats & Nilgiri Biosphere (Bandipur, Nagarahole, Mudumalai): Long-term scat analysis surveys across southern tiger landscapes consistently document porcupine quills and hair in both tiger and leopard scats. Field biologists noted dozens of scat encounters packed with spine fragments, demonstrating that despite the severe risk of embedded quill injuries, large cats routinely hunt and consume porcupines.
• Semi-Arid Landscapes (Sariska & Ranthambore Tiger Reserves): Comparative dietary overlap studies between leopards and tigers in Rajasthan regularly record porcupine remains in scat. Leopard scats show a notably higher baseline occurrence of quill sheaths and spine fragments due to their broader dietary niche and preference for medium/small terrestrial mammals.
• African Woodland and Savanna Reserves (Southern & East Africa): Dietary assessments of leopards (Panthera pardus) frequently identify Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis) quills and keratinous fragments in scat, confirming that skilled leopards flip and eviscerate porcupines, ingesting smaller defensive spines during feeding.

The 4.3% occurrence in Similipal faecal analysis (Technical Report-4) provides crucial empirical baseline data on how frequently large felids engage with such high-risk prey.

• "Adventurous" vs. "Accidental" Foraging: While large ungulates form the primary prey base, an encounter with Hystrix indica is rarely purely accidental. It reflects active, calculated opportunistic predation. Solitary predators like tigers and leopards will take the calculated risk when prey vulnerability, micro-habitat conditions, or seasonal hunger lower the cost-benefit threshold.
• Intact 2–3 Inch Quills: The presence of unbroken, shorter quills (typically from the crest, flanks, or underfur rather than the heavy, barbed defensive quills of the lower back) indicates that:
• Tigers carefully manipulate the carcass, feeding around or peeling back the primary quill clusters to consume the softer ventral regions, neck, and limbs.
• Shorter, pliable spines pass through the gastrointestinal tract intact without causing perforations, surviving the digestive process to appear identifiable in whole form within the scat matrix.
• Ecological Significance in Similipal: Documenting porcupines at 4.3% across 186 samples underscores their consistent, non-negligible presence in the broader dietary spectrum of the reserve's tigers, balancing out the high-density ungulate prey base with opportunistic foraging.

Field-based records from Similipal faecal analysis provide indispensable, ground-truth evidence for understanding large carnivore feeding behaviour and prey selection.

Key words: Large cat scat, tiger food, leopard food, porcupine quill  

A lifetime with the gharial — and what its body still teaches us-- “From Egg to River: What Gharial Growth Reveals About Evolution and Survival”

SNOUT–TAIL ALLOMETRY IN CROCODILE BODY GROWTH

(English translation of Singh, L.A.K., 2026; originally in Odia, Bigyana Diganta, Odisha Science Academy)

The popular article, discusses how the proportions of body‑length components change during the growth of the gharial Gavialis gangeticus. Two hypotheses are proposed:

1. Egg Space Economy During Embryonic Development
2. Post‑hatching Growth Priority

Evolutionary Background

During evolution, the proportions and functional mechanisms of body parts are shaped in harmony with the environment. These adaptations help the organism survive and reproduce successfully.

Academia.edu Link: (44) SNOUT-TAIL ALLOMETRY IN CROCODILE BODY GROWTH

The Odia article in Bigyana Diganta (May 2026) revisits these early findings with renewed clarity. Even after five decades, the biological insights remain fresh and contemporary, because natural history grounded in careful field observation does not lose relevance. 

Along with the original Odia version with Figures, I am sharing this refined English version on academia.edu so that young researchers and naturalists may rediscover the enduring value of morphometry, field biology, and evolutionary reasoning in crocodilian conservation.

My research on gharial growth proportions began in 1975 and formed a part of the foundation of my PhD thesis in August 1978. The two hypotheses on snout development were first touched upon in Singh & Bustard (1982) in the British Journal of Herpetology, though not discussed in full. These ideas later matured in a chapter to my 2018 book 'Gharial is a Fish eating Crocodile', published in eight international languages. 

Gharial repeated 800km Long-distance movement (1985, 2026)

My colleague Binod C. Chaudhury, shared a news which is about an “Adult gharial rescued from Rajasthan canal, set for release in Punjab’s Beas River” (The Tribune, Rajmeet Singh, Tribune News Service, Chandigarh, Jul 30, 2026).

It immediately took me and refer my 1985 report from Chambal where I had compiled information about long distance movements by crocodiles (Singh, L. A. K. (1985). Gharial Population Trend in National Chambal Sanctuary with notes on radio-tracking.  Study Report Dec. 1985. Crocodile Research Centre, Wildlife Institute of India, Hyderabad. 167 vii pp with 3 plates, 10 Figs., 21 tables, accessible at academia.edu).

Direct comparison: 1985 vs 2026 movement by gharial

Parameter	1985 Chambal Case	2026 Beas Case
Distance	~800 km	~800 km
Pathway	Natural rivers (Chambal → Yamuna → Ganga)	Canal system (Beas → Rajasthan Canal → Jaisalmer)
Direction	Downstream + upstream	Downstream canal flow
Age class	Juvenile	Adult
Outcome	Recaptured in Ganga	Rescued, returned to Punjab
Significance	First documented extreme dispersal	Modern confirmation of same behaviour

This is one of the strongest cross‑decadal behavioural validations in crocodilian movement ecology.

Scientific conclusion

The 1985 findings were not only accurate, they were prescient.

The 2026 Beas–Jaisalmer gharial movement demonstrates that:

• Gharial possess high dispersal ability
• They can travel hundreds of kilometres across both natural and artificial waterways
• Long‑range movement is a species‑level behavioural trait, not an exception
• Conservation planning must account for inter‑state movement, canal connectivity, and non‑sanctuary habitats

This new case is a perfect modern analogue of the 1985 800‑km movement record.

Similipal “Melanistic Tigers” are not “Pseudomelanistic”: Management of the Case of a Phenotypic Nomenclature Drift

Today (22 June 2026) morning I saw the article published in Zoo's Print and drawing the attention of all who love Similipal and its tigers,-- all who have thought of giving shape for upgrading gene-pool status of tiger in Similipal---, to increase the production of normal colour tigers. With thanks to all, I give a brief of the Abstract and link for reading more about the critical case of 'Managing a nomenclatural drift' for "melanistic tigers of Similipal".

First described on July 21, 1993, the "melanistic tigers of Similipal" is a historically and biologically accurate term representing one of 14 known tiger phenotypes. However, a 2021 multi-author publication introduced the incorrect prefix "pseudo-melanistic" ('pseudo' meaning false) without justification or reference to the historical accounts in literature and official use. This flawed nomenclature rapidly spread through media and administrative communications, causing widespread confusion. Following formal objections and public resentment, editors requested a correction from the authors in April 2026. Dropping the erroneous "pseudo" prefix and restoring the original term is essential to safeguard scientific continuity, administrative accuracy, and Odisha's three-decade-long ecological record. https://share.google/MQyGv0Wz9CV8nTdBd 

Key words: Similipal, melanistic tiger, gene-pool improvement, Biological Terminology Drift 

SCIENTIFIC OPINION: WHY “PSEUDO MELANISTIC TIGER” IS INCORRECT AND HARMFUL

 1. The term “pseudo‑melanistic” is biologically wrong

Melanism is a real phenotype, not a “false” one.
The prefix pseudo‑ implies:

• fake
• incomplete
• misleading
• not a true phenotype

My 1999 model given for Panthera tigris and all subsequent field evidence shows that:

• Melanistic tigers are genuine phenotypes
• They do not arise because of repeated mutations
• They arise from real genetic variation
• They fit into Types 12–14 of my 14‑colour model
• They are part of the natural segregation spectrum of Panthera tigris

Thus, “pseudo‑melanistic” is scientifically indefensible.

---

2. The term originated in July 2021 and spread without scrutiny

• The term first appeared in Sagar et al. 2021 (PNAS).
• It was not used in any tiger literature before 2021.
• It was not used in my 1999 model, nor in any Indian field reports from 1988–2020.
• It spread rapidly through:
• media
• forest officers
• social media
• popular science outlets

This created terminological confusion for five years (2021–2026).

---

3. The PNAS Editors themselves corrected the issue in April 2026

My communication with PNAS resulted in:

• A formal editorial clarification (2 April 2026)
• A request to the 2021 authors to submit corrections
• Acknowledgement that the term “pseudo‑melanistic” should not be used for Similipal tigers

This is a major scientific correction — and it validates our position from 1999.

---

4. The wrongly used "pseudo" term contradicts my 14‑colour model (1999), which is the correct framework

My model already includes:

• Melanistic
• Black
• Brown‑phase
• Rufous
• Pallid
• White variants
• Ghost‑pattern
• Pattern‑dominant
• Pattern‑reduced

There is no place for “pseudo‑melanistic” because:

• It is not a phenotype
• It is not a genetic category
• It is not a colour expression
• It is not a pattern category

It is simply wrong terminology.

---

5. The term caused real‑world damage

Because of the PNAS paper:

• Media began calling Similipal tigers “pseudo‑melanistic”
• Forest officers repeated the term in reports
• Photographers and tourists adopted it
• Even some scientific articles may have copied it without checking

This undermined:

• My 1999 model
• My 1988–1998 field documentation
• the correct terminology used for 30+ years

My intervention was necessary and scientifically justified.

---

Final Opinion (for publication or official use)

The term “pseudo‑melanistic tiger” introduced by Sagar et al. (2021) is scientifically incorrect and should not be used. Melanistic tigers of Similipal are genuine phenotypes that fall within the 14‑colour model established in Singh (1999). The PNAS editorial clarification of April 2026 confirms that the prefix “pseudo” must be dropped in all scientific, official, and media communication.